气体爆燃火焰在狭缝中的淬熄

通过叙述可燃气体爆燃火焰在平行板狭缝中传播时产生淬熄的实验和理论研究结果,给出了甲烷,丙烷,乙炔,氢气等四种可燃气体与空气的预混气作为实验介质所进行的爆火焰淬熄实验中,火焰传播速度与淬熄直径、淬熄长度之间的关系。对于气体爆燃火争的淬熄理论模型进行了探讨,得到了有应用价值的结论。     

EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION ON CHANNEL INSTABILITY1

ABSTRACT: Channel instability and aquatic ecosystem degradation have been linked to watershed imperviousness in humid regions of the U.S. In an effort to provide a more process‐based linkage between observed thresholds of aquatic ecosystem degradation and urbanization, standard single event approaches (U.S. Geological Survey Flood Regression Equations and rational) and continuous hydrologic models (HSPF and CASC2D) were used to examine potential changes in flow regime associated with varying levels of watershed imperviousness. The predicted changes in flow parameters were then interpreted in concert with risk‐based models of channel form and instability. Although low levels of imperviousness (10 to 20 percent) clearly have the potential to destabilize streams, changes in discharge, and thus stream power, associated with increased impervious area are highly variable and dependent upon watershed‐specific conditions. In addition to the storage characteristics of the pre‐development watershed, the magnitude of change is sensitive to the connectivity and conveyance of impervious areas as well as the specific characteristics of the receiving channels. Different stream types are likely to exhibit varying degrees and types of instability, depending on entrenchment, relative erodibility of bed and banks, riparian condition, mode of sediment transport (bedload versus suspended load), and proximity to geomorphic thresholds. Nonetheless, simple risk‐based analyses of the potential impacts of land use change on aquatic ecosystems have the potential to redirect and improve the effectiveness of watershed management strategies by facilitating the identification of channels that may be most sensitive to changes in stream power.     

近期长江口南北槽分流口河段悬沙输运机制研究

针对近期长江口南北槽分流口地区出现新的河床冲淤演变情况,对分流口河道尤其北槽入口河段多次实测水文结果进行分析,探讨了分流口河道悬沙输运机制。〖JP2〗通过引入输沙机制影响强度尺度参数,得到悬沙输运机制的数学表达形式,并进一步探讨了北槽入口河道产生淤积的原因。结果表明：(1)北槽分流口存在三级输沙机制,且不同输沙机制项在近口段、口中段和口内段各段中影响程度也不相同;(2)分流口泥沙来源于南港河段,在向“南港-北槽”输运过程中,一部分泥沙受到分流潜堤拦截,落淤在潜堤北侧造成九段沙沙头持续淤长;(3)悬沙在口中段受两项输沙机制的共同控制下,跨跃航槽,横向输运。并在输移过程中落淤,最终形成北槽入口局部区域的持续淤积     

Environmental Communication as a Discipline of Crisis

This essay interprets Cox's keynote as a call for environmental communication to reorient itself as a form of ideological criticism and identifies the potential pitfalls of heeding that call. First, the author revisits key arguments surrounding the practice of ideological criticism in Communication Studies and articulates their relevance to discussions about the mission and purpose of environmental communication. Second, he suggests that an uncritical embrace of the rationale for a “crisis discipline” may perpetuate problematic assumptions about communication, both as a social practice and as a scholarly discipline. Third, he argues that such problems may be sidestepped by making environmental crisis itself a central concept and object of environmental communication inquiry, such that environmental communication does not merely respond to crisis but becomes a discipline of and about crisis. A focus on the dynamics of crisis, the author concludes, entails a persistent concern with judgment in its political, scholarly, and pedagogical contexts.     

弯道明渠内危化品泄漏扩散的数值模拟

自由水面流动和危化品水体迁移扩散过程属有界性问题,利用两相流理论建立三维瞬态VOF动力学模型,在其基础上提出危化品水体迁移扩散的浓度压缩性微分方程,有限容积法离散方程,高分辨率Gamma离散格式适用于解决有界性问题,用Gamma格式离散VOF和危化品迁移扩散方程的对流项。对Chang实验的弯曲水槽的流动及危化品扩散进行数值模拟,模拟结果与实验结果较吻合。笔者建立的数学模型能准确地模拟水流三维特性突出的弯道水槽的流场和危化品水体迁移扩散过程。     

汶川地震灾区小流域洪水计算方法初探

汶川地震灾区小流域山洪不仅造成巨大损失,同时也是泥石流等灾害的激发因素,探寻一种准确且可操作的洪水峰值流量计算方法对防灾减灾具有重要意义。本文选择不同产流和汇流计算方法,组合成不同水文模型,进行小流域洪水过程计算,对模拟结果和参数选择进行对比,旨在探究最适合该地区的小流域水文计算方法。分别选择SCS曲线法、Green-Ampt入渗法、初损稳渗法进行坡面产流计算,应用SCS单位线法、Snyder单位线法和运动波方程进行坡面和沟道汇流计算,组合成5种小流域产汇流计算模型,利用6场洪水进行参数率定和结果验证。模拟结果对比分析,得出SCS曲线法是最适宜的产流模型,其与SCS单位线、运动波汇流计算方法组合而成的SCS和SKK模型,峰现时间的模拟误差最小,在0~25 min之间;洪峰流量模拟的相对误差较小,平均误差不超过4%;洪水总量模拟误差在10%左右。另外,这两种模型参数设置及确定较简单,更适合在数据稀缺的小流域中进行洪水模拟应用。研究可为汶川地震灾区小流域山洪和泥石流等灾害的流量估算提供方法和参数借鉴。     

Modeling Streams and Hydrogeomorphic Attributes in Oregon From Digital and Field Data1

Abstract: Managers, regulators, and researchers of aquatic ecosystems are increasingly pressed to consider large areas. However, accurate stream maps with geo‐referenced attributes are uncommon over relevant spatial extents. Field inventories provide high‐quality data, particularly for habitat characteristics at fine spatial resolutions (e.g., large wood), but are costly and so cover relatively small areas. Recent availability of regional digital data and Geographic Information Systems software has advanced capabilities to delineate stream networks and estimate coarse‐resolution hydrogeomorphic attributes (e.g., gradient). A spatially comprehensive coverage results, but types of modeled outputs may be limited and their accuracy is typically unknown. Capitalizing on strengths in both field and regional digital data, we modeled a synthetic stream network and a variety of hydrogeomorphic attributes for the Oregon Coastal Province. The synthetic network, encompassing 96,000 km of stream, was derived from digital elevation data. We used high‐resolution but spatially restricted data from field inventories and streamflow gauges to evaluate, calibrate, and interpret hydrogeomorphic attributes modeled from digital elevation and precipitation data. The attributes we chose to model (drainage area, mean annual precipitation, mean annual flow, probability of perennial flow, channel gradient, active‐channel width and depth, valley‐floor width, valley‐width index, and valley constraint) have demonstrated value for stream research and management. For most of these attributes, field‐measured, and modeled values were highly correlated, yielding confidence in the modeled outputs. The modeled stream network and attributes have been used for a variety of purposes, including mapping riparian areas, identifying headwater streams likely to transport debris flows, and characterizing the potential of streams to provide high‐quality habitat for salmonids. Our framework and models can be adapted and applied to areas where the necessary field and digital data exist or can be obtained.     

采用跟踪控温近似绝热系统测定火炸药热爆炸参数的探讨

本文针对以往在火炸药热爆炸参数测试过程中，因试样与加热介质之间的热交换所带来的较大测试误差，建立了跟踪控温下的近似绝热测试系统，研制了本测试系统的中枢仪器──四通道数显温度调节自动跟踪仪。通过本测试系统的建立，使得对热爆炸参数的测试更具有科学性和实用性。     

DISCHARGE AND SUSPENDED SEDIMENT PATTERNS OF AN INTERMITTENT COLD DESERT STREAM1

Sage Creek in south‐central Wyoming is listed as impaired by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) due to its sediment contribution to the North Platte River. Despite the magnitude of sediment impacts on streams, little research has been conducted to characterize patterns of sediment transport or to model suspended sediment concentration in many arid western U.S. streams. This study examined the relationship between stream discharge and suspended sediment concentration near the Sage Creek and North Platte River confluence from 1998 through 2003. The objectives were to determine patterns of stream discharge and suspended sediment concentration, produce a sediment prediction model, and compare sediment concentrations for the six‐year period. Stream discharge and suspended sediment transport responded rapidly to convective storms and spring runoff events. During the study period, events exceeding 0.23 m³/s accounted for 92 percent of the sediment load, which is believed to originate from erodible headwater uplands. Further analysis of these data indicates that time series modeling is superior to simple linear regression in predicting sediment concentration. Significant increases in suspended sediment concentration occurred in all years except 2003. This analysis suggests that a six‐year monitoring record was insufficient to factor out impacts from climate, geology, and historical sediment storage.